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皮革拉力試驗機的測試范圍

時間:18-05-04 10:04

皮革橡膠在制(zhi)成皮鞋、皮服裝等制(zhi)品及在制(zhi)品的使用過程中,都要受到不(bu)同程度(du)的拉伸作用而變(bian)形,了解這種(zhong)變(bian)形的性質和大(da)(da)小在很大(da)(da)意義上(shang)可以了解革的品質,以確定制(zhi)品的種(zhong)類,皮革拉力試驗機就會顯得相當重(zhong)要了。

皮革拉力試驗(yan)機如何判斷彈(dan)性材料(liao)的柔軟度、品質,伸長率

柔(rou)軟的(de)革(ge)延伸性比較大,而板硬的(de)革(ge)則不易拉伸,故(gu)此可(ke)以根(gen)據革(ge)試樣受(shou)到外力作用(yong)所表(biao)現的(de)變(bian)形情(qing)況和受(shou)力大小判(pan)斷革(ge)的(de)柔(rou)軟性。

革的(de)(de)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)率(lv)(lv)對于輕(qing)革尤為(wei)(wei)重要,影(ying)響穿著時的(de)(de)舒(shu)適性、彈塑性,并(bing)與制鞋(xie)(xie)關系密切。伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)率(lv)(lv)過小(xiao)的(de)(de)面革在(zai)制鞋(xie)(xie)過程(cheng)中(zhong)容易出現裂紋,在(zai)穿用中(zhong)不能經(jing)受(shou)反復(fu)多次彎 由;伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)率(lv)(lv)過大的(de)(de)面革,制成(cheng)鞋(xie)(xie)后容易變(bian)形(xing)。故伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)率(lv)(lv)既不能太大,又不能太小(xiao),應為(wei)(wei)一個比較(jiao)合適的(de)(de)范(fan)圍(wei),如部(bu)頒標(biao)準規(gui)(gui)定:服裝用橡膠規(gui)(gui)定負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)率(lv)(lv)為(wei)(wei) 25%~60%,鞋(xie)(xie)面用橡膠規(gui)(gui)定負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)率(lv)(lv)為(wei)(wei)55%。革的(de)(de)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)率(lv)(lv)是指革試(shi)樣在(zai)受(shou)到軸向(xiang)拉伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)后,其(qi)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)度(du)(du)與原長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)比,在(zai)實際(ji)測(ce)定中(zhong)有(you):規(gui)(gui)定負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang) 率(lv)(lv)、粒面層伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)率(lv)(lv)、斷(duan)裂伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)率(lv)(lv)和永久伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)率(lv)(lv),其(qi)中(zhong)規(gui)(gui)定負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷伸(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)率(lv)(lv)為(wei)(wei)國家標(biao)準必測(ce)項目。

拉力機如何(he)檢測(ce)彈性(xing)材料的彈塑性(xing):

從力學性(xing)質上(shang)看,皮革(ge)橡膠的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)有兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)情況,一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)彈(dan)性(xing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)永久(jiu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(塑性(xing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing))。革(ge)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)彈(dan)塑性(xing)材料(liao),當試(shi)樣受到(dao)軸向拉伸時,長(chang)度有所增加,這是(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)試(shi)樣內的(de)(de)(de)(de)纖(xian)維在作用 力的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)向上(shang)發生(sheng)(sheng)r變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)緣故(gu),纖(xian)維束(shu)因(yin)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)而產生(sheng)(sheng)了(le)(le)內力,這種(zhong)(zhong)內力力圖使纖(xian)維束(shu)恢復(fu)其原(yuan)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位置和形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀,所以當外(wai)力除(chu)去后(hou),一(yi)部(bu)分纖(xian)維束(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)延長(chang)部(bu)分在很大 程度上(shang)恢復(fu)了(le)(le)原(yuan)狀,革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)這種(zhong)(zhong)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)叫彈(dan)性(xing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing);還有一(yi)部(bu)分纖(xian)維當受外(wai)力拉伸時,因(yin)纖(xian)維與作用力的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)向不同,改變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)了(le)(le)原(yuan)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位置,并且(qie)超過了(le)(le)它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)彈(dan)性(xing)極限,在外(wai) 力除(chu)去后(hou),不能(neng)恢復(fu)到(dao)原(yuan)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位置,這一(yi)部(bu)分不可(ke)逆變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)就稱為永久(jiu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),即塑性(xing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。對于(yu)橡膠來(lai)說,不管是(shi)(shi)外(wai)力多大,彈(dan)性(xing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和永久(jiu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)都是(shi)(shi)同時發生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

皮革(ge)(ge)橡膠(jiao)的(de)(de)彈(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)永久變(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)都(dou)是(shi)很(hen)珍貴的(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)質,因為在(zai)制造皮 鞋等制品(pin)以(yi)及在(zai)使(shi)用它(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)時候,要求(qiu)革(ge)(ge)有一(yi)定程度的(de)(de)永久變(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing),即(ji)有一(yi)定的(de)(de)成形(xing)(xing)(xing)性(xing)(xing)(xing),不(bu)然皮鞋、皮服裝(zhuang)等就(jiu)無一(yi)固定的(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)。上海(hai)發瑞儀(yi)器提示(shi):制鞋過(guo)(guo)程中,革(ge)(ge) 在(zai)繃楦(xuan)時受力(li)而被拉伸,取下(xia)楦(xuan)后(hou),則要求(qiu)它(ta)(ta)(ta)保(bao)持(chi)已賦予的(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)和(he)尺寸(cun)。另(ling)外,在(zai)皮鞋穿(chuan)用初期,需要一(yi)定的(de)(de)最低限(xian)度的(de)(de)永久變(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing),因為,不(bu)管制作時怎樣合理,鞋 的(de)(de)個(ge)別(bie)部位總要改(gai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)以(yi)適應(ying)腳(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)。在(zai)這(zhe)種情況下(xia),如(ru)果(guo)(guo)是(shi)絕對彈(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)革(ge)(ge),由于需要經常地把力(li)消耗(hao)于使(shi)革(ge)(ge)變(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing),就(jiu)會(hui)引起腳(jiao)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)早疲勞。另(ling)一(yi)方面,如(ru)果(guo)(guo)用來(lai)制 鞋和(he)服裝(zhuang)的(de)(de)橡膠(jiao)沒有彈(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing),它(ta)(ta)(ta)在(zai)外力(li)消除后(hou),就(jiu)不(bu)能恢復原來(lai)的(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang),使(shi)鞋、服裝(zhuang)等制品(pin)變(bian)(bian)(bian)型(xing)。因此,這(zhe)兩種變(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)都(dou)是(shi)必須的(de)(de):靠塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)來(lai)成型(xing),靠彈(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)來(lai)保(bao)型(xing)。 革(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)彈(dan)(dan)塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)則可通(tong)過(guo)(guo)測定其伸長率(lv)來(lai)表征。

皮革(ge)橡膠由于天然結構特殊,其(qi)不同部位、不同方向(xiang)(xiang)的(de)性(xing)質(zhi)差(cha)異較大,給革(ge)制品設計帶(dai)來一定困難。為了(le)減少(shao)革(ge)的(de)部位、方向(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)別,在制革(ge)過程(cheng)中采取了(le)很多措(cuo)施,力(li)求減少(shao)縱(zong)、橫向(xiang)(xiang)延伸性(xing)的(de)差(cha)別。縱(zong)向(xiang)(xiang)伸長率比(bi)橫向(xiang)(xiang)伸長率越(yue)接近于1,革(ge)的(de)品質(zhi)越(yue)好。

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